Fundmastery Blog

Kurt Brouwer November 11th, 2009

In the media and online we see many references to exchange traded funds or ETFs.  I think many investors consider these as being just like mutual funds.  And, ETFs do have a number of similarities to mutual funds, but there are differences as well.

Let’s take a step back and explore this rather new investment vehicle to figure out how they work.

ETFs are probably best understood in comparison to mutual funds.  Mutual funds have been around for many decades and they are the dominant investment vehicle with over $10 trillion dollars in assets. ETFs are relatively new, with the first one dating back only to 1993.  ETFs have made inroads with investors and they now have a bit over $500 billion in assets.

Mutual Funds

Mutual funds generally have these characteristics:

• Low minimum investment

• Immediate diversification

• Professional management

• Security

• Liquidity

• Audited track records

ETFs

ETFs are also regulated — like mutual funds — under the Investment Company Act of 1940.  They have similar characteristics to mutual funds as shown above, with some differences.  One difference is that mutual funds are priced once per day at the end of that day’s trading.  The fund totals the value of all fund investments and divides that by the number of shares to get the net asset value (NAV) per share.  All purchases or sales that day are made at the NAV.

ETFs are traded throughout the day on a given stock exchange and they too calculate the per share NAV, but shares trade hands on the exchange at a price determined by buyers and sellers, not the per share NAV.  So, ETFs can trade at a discount or premium to the NAV.

Another difference is the rather complicated internal structure for ETFs.

Source: Investment Company Institute

The Investment Company Institute’s 2009 Factbook describes the structure of an ETF this way:

..An ETF originates with a sponsor, who chooses the investment objective of the ETF. In the case of an index-based ETF, the sponsor chooses both an index and a method of tracking its target index. Index-based ETFs track their target index in one of two ways. A replicate index-based ETF holds every security in the target index because it invests 100 percent of its assets proportionately in all the securities in the target index. A sample index-based ETF does not hold every security in the target index; instead the sponsor chooses a representative sample of securities in the target index in which to invest. Representative sampling is a practical solution for an ETF that has a target index with thousands of securities in it.

…ETFs are required to publish information about their portfolio holdings daily. Each business day, the ETF publishes a “creation basket,” a specific list of names and quantities of securities and/or other assets designed to track the performance of the portfolio as a whole. In the case of an index-based ETF, the creation basket is either a replicate or a sample of the ETF’s portfolio. Actively managed ETFs and certain types of index-based ETFs are required to publish their complete portfolio holdings in addition to their creation basket.

ETF shares are created when an “authorized participant”-typically an institutional investor-deposits the daily creation basket and/or cash with the ETF (Figure 3.3)… Creation units are large blocks of shares that generally range in size from 25,000 to 200,000 shares. The authorized participant can either keep the ETF shares that make up the creation unit or sell all or part of them on a stock exchange. ETF shares are listed on a number of stock exchanges where investors can purchase them as they would shares of a publicly traded company…

If you made it through that riveting prose, you are probably a bit confused.  Don’t feel badly though because it really is confusing.  ETFs have this complex process as part of their structure and I doubt if very many investors fully understand it.  The key takeaway is that ETFs maintain the price of their shares in a different manner than traditional mutual funds. Though there are still questions and concerns about the ETF structure, ETFs seemed to have held up pretty well during last year’s financial crisis, despite the convoluted internal structure.

ETFs have many of the built-in advantages that mutual funds have, but there are also differences such as being traded on an exchange throughout the trading day.  In my view, the biggest difference is not the fact that ETFs trade throughout the day or even how ETF pricing works, but rather that ETFs have a very short operating history and investors are still learning how they function.

ETF assets are growing…

Source: Investment Company Institute 

ETFs are growing as an investment vehicle and they are with us for the long haul.  They fall into three primary categories.  The first category is broad-based ETFs that track a given index such as the S&P 500.  The second major category is more exotic covering ETFs designed to track a very narrow investment sector.  The third major category includes leveraged offerings designed to give investors high octane trading vehicles.

The ICI Mutual Fund Factbook continues:

As demand for ETFs has grown, ETF sponsors have offered more funds with a greater variety of investment objectives. In the mid-1990s, ETF sponsors introduced funds that invested in foreign stock markets. More recently, sponsors have introduced ETFs that invest in particular market sectors, industries, or commodities. At year-end 2008, there were 231 sector and commodity ETFs… While commodity ETFs made up 19 percent of the number of sector and commodity ETFs, they accounted for 38 percent of total assets… Approximately three-quarters of commodity ETF assets tracked the price of gold and silver through the spot and futures markets in 2008. Sector ETFs that have proven to be popular with investors, both in terms of the number offered and assets gathered, are those focused on natural resources and financial institutions…

Source: Investment Company Institute 

We use both mutual funds and ETFs so I am not at all negative about exchange traded funds, but I am aware that there will be growing pains as the ETF industry matures.

For more on ETFs, see also:

Growing Pains at Bond ETFs

INFLATION: Can you protect your portfolio?

• ETF , Investing , Mutual Funds
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Kurt Brouwer November 10th, 2009

Smart Money did a piece on mutual funds that had a rough year in 2008, but were doing well in 2009.  Here’s how they selected funds:

…The Criteria: The funds on the table were in the bottom 20% of their Morningstar categories in 2008. However, in 2009 they’re in the top 20% of those same groups. They are open to new money, require a minimum investment under $5,000 and charge an annual expense ratio less than 1.5%. We favored funds that have histories of doing well in post-recession periods or are run by decent managers. As usual, we did not include load funds.

Source: Smart Money

We have used Dodge & Cox Stock Fund on occasion although not as a core holding.  It is a well-run mutual fund that had a very rough year in 2008.  Other funds on this list such as Vanguard Windsor and Ariel are funds with solid long-term records.

This is a good piece because it illustrates how different things look today than they did early in the year.

• Investing , Mutual Funds
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Kurt Brouwer November 2nd, 2009

What happens when we enter high inflation?

My experience with inflation dates back to the 1970s and early 1980s.  Inflation averaged almost 8% for the entire decade of the ’70s, but it cranked up into double digits in 1979.  Let’s head back to those days of yesteryear — the early 1980s — and compare some key indicators to the situation back then.

Here is a good chart showing key interest rates plus inflation and unemployment, then and now:

Source: Carpe Diem

I suspect you could win some bets with some of these statistics.  How many folks remember that home mortgage rates hit 18% back then?  Or, another statistic that is not shown in the chart is that home mortgages rates averaged 12% from 1979 through 1985?

Is inflation an immediate problem?

Inflation is not a huge problem now as it was throughout the 1970s and early 1980s.  For example, inflation is now running in the Fed’s sweet spot of 1-2%.  However, given all the monetary stimulus and government spending we have seen, inflation is definitely a threat, but one that has not really manifested itself yet. I do not expect us to get back to the inflationary climate we saw in the 1970s, but none of us knows what lies ahead.

If you believe inflation is on the way, you also need to figure out where in the inflationary process we are.  If, like the early 1970s, you think inflation is underway and the Federal Reserve will not attack it for quite a while, then inflation hedges make some sense.  However, if you think the Fed might be planning to raise interest rates soon in order to counteract inflation, then inflation hedges could be a problem.  Here’s why.

If inflation went quite a bit higher, the Fed would eventually be forced to raise short-term interest rates.  Long-term interest rates would certainly go up and that would be bad for those holding long-term bonds.  Once interest rates begin moving up, then economic activity would probably slow down, bringing us into recession and that would hurt most other assets such as real estate and stocks.

For example, in 1979, the Federal Reserve (under Chairman Paul Volcker) decided to really attack inflation by raising the Fed Funds rate (short-term interest rates).  As you saw in the chart above, interest rates on home mortgages went way up.  As rates went up, economic activity fell off and we entered a recession.  In that environment, most assets fell (real estate, stocks, bonds).  Gold prices lagged the decline in other assets, but they also fell.

Gold  in 1980 — from darling to dog in two years

In fact, gold hit a high point in 1980 of $875 per ounce, but it fell as low as $463 within a few months.  Gold prices went back up into the $700 range, but by 1982, gold prices had fallen to a low of $298 per ounce.  That’s right.  From a high of $875, the price of gold fell to around $300 within a couple of years. Beginning in 1982, inflation fell quickly from the double digit level, but gold prices fell much more quickly as gold had a 60% price decline.

Now, gold is hitting new prices highs due, in my opinion, largely to the weakness of the U.S. dollar.  There are other factors at work in the price of gold, but for U.S. investors the dominant issue at work is the falling dollar.  The point here is that you need to make sure you are buying gold — or any other asset — for good, solid, long-term reasons.  A little further on I’ll give you my thoughts on the best way to buy gold.

What should I do about inflation?

If you believe high inflation is coming our way, how do you protect your portfolio? This piece from the Wall Street Journal covers some solutions and we add a few more ways to protect your portfolio from the ravages of high inflation.

However, be careful out there, because it is not as easy or straightforward as some would have you think.  The key takeaway I have for you is that you should seek investments that you believe are undervalued and likely to go up in value.  That’s how you keep your portfolio growing:

Inflation-Protection Strategies Offer Investors No Guarantees (Wall Street Journal, October 5, 2020, Jeff D. Opdyke)

Worried investors have been looking for insurance in the form of assets such as mutual funds and exchange-traded funds focused on gold, commodities and Treasury inflation-protected securities, or TIPS. In the past year, interest in TIPS funds in particular has been running at record levels, with some weeks recording more than $400 million in sales.

But many of these investments have never been tested during a bout of meaningful inflation. The last time inflation ramped up significantly was three decades ago. Yet TIPS have been around only since the late 1990s, and commodity funds are of even more recent vintage, as are the gold funds that invest in bullion or track the metal’s market price.

This is a really important point.  Wall Street is great at coming up with new and complex investment opportunities.  However, the track record on Wall Street innovations is not good.

Be cautious with new or untested investments

I think of it just like new operating systems for a computer.  I never rush to upgrade my computer with the latest, groovy operating system because I know there will be bugs.  I wait a few years usually before upgrading so that the bugs will largely be fixed before I make the switch.

I view innovations from Wall Street with even more skepticism than I do new operating systems for my computer.  In general, if it is new — and complex — and it’s from Wall Street, I pass.

As an example, consider commodity-oriented exchange-traded funds (ETFs).  They are new and relatively untested, so be cautious.  One critical issue with commodity mutual funds or ETFs is whether or not they actually hold commodities or just a basket of futures contracts for a given commodity.  With precious metals, it is possible to actually hold a commodity such as gold.  However, some commodities such as agricultural products or even oil or gas are less likely to be owned directly by a given fund.  In many cases then, an ETF or mutual fund just holds future contracts or notes redeemable by a bank.

There are some mutual funds such as Pimco Commodity Real Return Fund (PCRDX) that seek to benefit from investments in commodity-related securities.  Here’s how Pimco describes the investment strategy:

PIMCO manages CommodityRealReturn Strategy by combining a position in commodity-linked derivative instruments backed primarily by a portfolio of inflation-indexed securities…Other fixed income instruments may also be used tactically in the portfolio. The commodity-linked derivatives capture the price return of the commodity futures market, while our active management of the fixed income assets seeks to add incremental return above those markets, along with additional inflation hedging…

This type of fund can give you exposure to commodity-related investments, but it is no walk in the park.  We use this fund a bit, but we do so knowing it can be very volatile.  For example, in 2008, it fell over 43%.

Tracking error

Commodity mutual funds or ETFs have the potential to go up in value due to inflation, but they are inherently volatile.  And, as we saw above, they often also invest in futures contracts and other so-called derivatives that can lead to unintended consequences as shown by this piece from MarketWatch.  It illustrates the point with examples of commodity or precious metals ETFs that had results wildly divergent from the actual commodity or metal they are tracking:

…The United States Natural Gas Fund (UNG) , for example, has tumbled 50% this year while natural gas prices are down about 12%…

Natural gas prices go down so you expect the fund to go down, but a loss of 50%? Ouch.

…PowerShares DB Oil Fund’s flexible strategy helps it navigate market conditions…Since the fund’s inception in early 2007, it has gained about 16% while oil prices have risen about 40%…

Nothing wrong with a gain of 16% since 2007, but that return significantly lags the actual increase in oil prices.  As long as you understand what a commodity or precious metal mutual fund or ETF does, then that’s fine.  I suspect many investors in UNG are a bit mystified though.

If you are interested in investing in precious metals, I would simply just own them directly.  That is, buy some gold coins or silver coins and hold them in a safe deposit box.  If you do go that route, you have the coins and there is no muss or fuss. As a second best choice, I would buy an ETF such as the SPDR Gold Trust (GLD), which, by its prospectus, actually buys and holds gold at its custodian in London.

Other ETFs or mutual funds investing in precious metals or commodities may simply be putting together a basket of futures contracts on the commodity in question.  That’s fine if you have faith in the ETF or fund provider, but how exactly those contracts will perform in volatile markets is a bit of a question mark.

The Wall Street Journal continues:

…Though long heralded as a hedge against inflation, gold hasn’t always gone along for the ride when U.S. consumer prices are rising. Consider data from Morningstar Inc.’s Ibbotson Associates research and consulting unit: The correlation of spot gold prices to an Ibbotson-tracked inflation benchmark is just 0.096. (Correlation is perfect at 1; the closer to 0, the less the correlation.)

Certainly, gold has done well in some inflationary periods, like the late 1970s, when the metal spiked above $800 an ounce. Still, investors would do better to view gold as an international currency that hedges against weakening paper currencies, particularly the dollar. For instance, the U.S. dollar index, tracking the greenback’s performance against a basket of currencies, has slipped more than 13% since March, when the index hit its peak so far for this year. Gold prices, meanwhile, are up more about 14% so far this year.

…But there’s another issue: What does your gold fund own?

Exchange-traded funds such as SPDR Gold Shares and related trust products such as Canada’s Central GoldTrust own physical bullion, held in secure bank vaults and regularly audited.

Others don’t own physical gold and instead seek gold exposure through derivatives. PowerShares DB Gold, for instance, tracks an index of gold-futures contracts…

In mutual funds or ETFs that invest through futures contracts on gold or silver, there are a number of risks.  The obvious one is that spot prices for a given precious metal and futures contracts for that metal have very different prices as we saw from the examples above.  In a rising market, the fund would often underperform spot prices.  That can be very disappointing if you bought a fund and the precious metal followed the trajectory you anticipated, yet the fund lagged far behind.

So, there is the issue of the internal structure and strategy of the fund or ETF.  But, there are also other issues.  The Wall Street Journal continues:

…Many commodity-based securities are exchange-traded notes, or ETNs, which pose a different risk. Unlike ETFs, which generally own a pool of hard assets or securities, ETNs own nothing. They are promissory notes issued by a bank, meaning they’re unsecured debt; the return you earn is calculated based on the movement of an underlying commodity index.

“You’re loaning money to a bank, and the bank pays you the return of the underlying index,” Morningstar’s Mr. Burns says…

Hmmm.  Loaning money to a bank.  What could go wrong?

Going beyond precious metals or commodity funds, here are some thoughts on different asset classes of funds and how they might fare during inflationary times:

Money market mutual funds: One very good investment in times of high inflation is cash in a money market funds.  Assuming interest rates go up due to inflation, the return on the money market fund should go up too.  In a money market fund, interest rates are variable, so your money will begin earning higher interest as soon as rates go up.

Short-term & intermediate-term bond funds:  If you have some fixed income investments, as a first step for an inflation conscious investor, I would shorten the maturity of any bonds or bond funds you own and use short-term and intermediate-term bond funds primarily.  You could also put some assets in a fund that invests in Treasury Inflation Protection securities as mentioned above.

U.S. stock mutual funds: Stocks can do quite well in a moderate inflationary environment, in particular stocks of companies that have pricing power.  However, if inflation really takes off, eventually the Federal Reserve would have to raise interest rates and that would result in a recession in all likelihood.  Recessions are not generally good for stocks.

International stock mutual funds:  The points made above about U.S. stock funds apply generally to international stock funds too.  In addition, there is the currency issues.  That is, most international funds hold stocks in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.  As such, if inflation has a negative impact on the dollar, then those funds should benefit.  The flip side is true also though.  That is, if the dollar strengthens, then most international funds would suffer a bit due to their non-dollar exposure.  Right now, international stock funds are benefiting from higher share prices plus currency gains from the falling dollar.

Real estate mutual funds:  Real estate has been struggling for a couple of years now.  Residential real estate started falling first and now commercial real estate is taking a big hit.  Assuming you are a long-term investor and assuming you are worried about inflation, real estate funds are worth a look.  It may be premature at this point because real estate is still weak, but historically real estate has done pretty well during inflationary times.  I would wait a bit on this though.

In closing, I’ll make a couple of points.  First, there is no guarantee that we will go through a high inflationary period.  There is pretty solid evidence that inflation will be moving up at some point, but that does not mean we will get back to the type of inflation we saw in the 1970s.  Also, as you know, disinflation, not to mention, deflation, is still a possibility although probably a much lower one than inflation.  But, if the economy fails to re-ignite, we could drift into another recession in a year or two and that would mean most inflation-centric investments might suffer.

When it comes to investing, I believe a diversified portfolio works best because the future is not knowable.  That is, do not bet all your assets on one specific scenario such as high inflation.  You can certainly do things to lessen the impact of inflation on your portfolio, but do not put all your assets in one narrow strategy.

Disclosure:  Kurt Brouwer owns shares of Pimco Commodity RealReturn Fund (PCRDX)

• ETF , Economy , Energy , Geopolitics , Investing , Money , Mutual Funds , Personal Finance , debt , inflation
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Kurt Brouwer October 28th, 2009

Many 401(k) plans use target-date (or lifecycle) mutual funds.  A target-date fund is structured to embody a diversified portfolio for a person who plans to retire in a given year, say 2030. The longer the fund is from its ‘target date’ the more its asset mix will favor higher risk investments such as stocks.  As a fund gets closer to its target date, the asset mix would supposedly be changed to reflect more conservative income investments. So, theoretically, a target-date 2030 fund would almost certainly have a much higher commitment to stocks than a target-date 2015 fund would.

This Bloomberg piece notes a Senate Committee report that paints an unflattering picture of this burgeoning group of funds:

Kohl Says Target-Date Funds May Present Conflicts of Interest (Bloomberg, October 28, 2020, Jeff Plungis and Margaret Collins)

Target-date mutual funds suffer from high fees, limited choices and potential conflicts of interest, a Senate committee was told today.

Ouch.  I suspect this report is causing a few migraines in the marketing departments at the large mutual fund companies.

Employers who offer workers the funds as part of their 401(k)s retirement plans typically can’t choose the investment mix, according to a staff report delivered to the Senate Special Committee on Aging at a Washington hearing. Companies often are limited to the administrator’s own mutual-fund offerings, the report said.

…Target-date funds, also known as lifecycle funds, move money from riskier investments such as stocks to more conservative alternatives like bonds as an investor approaches retirement. Contributions have grown 98 percent since they were endorsed as a default option for employers by the 2006 Pension Protection Act, according to Morningstar Inc.

…Target-date funds labeled 2000 to 2010 lost an average 23 percent last year with some dropping as much as 41 percent, according to data compiled by Morningstar, the Chicago-based mutual-fund research company. The average 2050 fund declined 39 percent in 2008, while the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index fell 38 percent.

…More than $140 billion has flowed into target-date funds since 2007, and 96 percent of employers that offer automatic enrollment use them, the Senate report said…

Target-date funds certainly could be useful, but they may not make sense as a default option for 401(k) participants.  A default investment option is the one that a retirement plan must put your contributions in if you have not actually made a selection from the plan’s menu of investment choices yourself.

• Investing , Mutual Funds , Personal Finance , Retirement
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Kurt Brouwer October 15th, 2009

Some of the mutual funds that suffered most in the financial panic and bear market of 2008 have had excellent results in 2009.  Yet, nervous investors who took the hit in 2008 may not have been on board those funds in 2009.  In fact, there is solid evidence that investors often do not reap the rewards of being in volatile funds because they tend to buy in when the funds are hot and dump them when the funds turn cold.

This solid, yet oddly-titled, report from Morningstar gives us an example of how investors can get scalded when they buy a hot fund [emphasis added]:

How Some Investors Ruin a Great Fund (Morningstar, October 13, 2020, Russel Kinnel)

The stock market’s powerful rally since early March has been a blessing for patient investors. Many of the funds that suffered the most during the bear market have experienced the biggest rebounds. But a lot of investors didn’t stick around for the comeback. And who could blame them? It’s hard to hang tough when your fund has sunk 50% or more. Yet fleeing short-term laggards or jumping to the hot fund du jour often undermines investors’ returns.

This point is very important.  Hot funds can and do turn cold and t is excruciatingly difficult to stick around when that happens.  The financial panic of 2008 and early 2009 took down volatile funds, but even steadier performers (Longleaf Partners comes to mind-llpfx) fell to an extent that surprised many professional investors.  Staying the course when investments move against us is very difficult.

This next information is quite startling as Kinnel fleshes out how investors in volatile funds can and do snatch defeat from the jaws of victory.  Morningstar continues:

We at Morningstar have a way of capturing the true costs of fund hopping. In addition to a fund’s total return, we calculate what an average investor in the fund really earned. Investor returns adjust the officially reported returns based on cash flows into and out of funds. The gap between the figures essentially tells you how well or how poorly investors did at timing.

…CGM Focus (cgmfx) and T. Rowe Price Equity Income (prfdx) illustrate how volatility affects investor behavior. Both are run by excellent managers (Ken Heebner and Brian Rogers, respectively) who have beaten their peers over the long term. Focus’ 10-year annualized return of 19.6% thumps Equity Income’s 3.7% yearly return through the end of September 2009-as it should, because Heebner takes much bigger risks than Rogers. Heebner makes huge sector bets, holds only about 20 stocks, and even sells short stocks that he thinks are primed for a fall. Rogers aims for a steady ride by focusing on reasonably priced, dividend-paying stocks.

But consider what investors actually earned. Rogers’ clients have kept nearly all of the fund’s meager gains, earning an average of 3% annualized over the past 10 years. Heebner’s have somehow turned their fund’s terrific reported results into an annualized loss of 14%. They managed that feat by piling into CGM Focus after its extraordinary 80% gain in 2007, only to get pummeled when Focus plunged 48% in 2008…

Buying high and selling low

Anyone who has invested in mutual funds for a while has heard of Ken Heebner.  His funds are legendary for volatility, but also for stunningly high returns at times.  Despite the excellent average annual returns, this Morningstar data indicates that investors have actually had poor results due to buying in after the fund had a very hot year in 2007 and then dumping the fund when it turned cold in 2008.

If you want to own funds like CGM Focus, then you need to have lots of patience.   An incremental approach wouldn’t hurt either. That is, buy a modest amount of a volatile fund’s shares and then, assuming you can handle the volatility, when the fund hits a rough patch, buy a bit more.  Also, make sure you have plenty of diversification in the rest of your portfolio such that you own funds that are less volatile.

Whatever your investment strategy is, you need to stick with it.  If you like high octane mutual funds such as CGM Focus, then make sure you have a strategy in place to deal with the bad times.   Alternatively, if you do not want all that volatility, then you could invest in lower return/lower risk funds that make it easier for you to ride out the market’s inevitably downturn.  Either way is OK as long as you match your portfolio to your own personality and willingness take risks.

Full Disclosure:  Kurt Brouwer owns Longleaf Partners Fund (llpfx)

• ETF , Investing , Mutual Funds , Personal Finance
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